Aspectos Ambientais, Toxicológicos e Tecnológicos quanto à Utilidade Contemporânea do Cromo

Resumo

Chromium is an abundant element in nature, present in the constitution of ores in the trivalent or hexavalent
states (Cr³⁺ and Cr⁶⁺), whose applications can be demonstrated in several areas of (science – innovation –
technology) interface. When in the trivalent state and trace concentration, chromium acts as an essential
micronutrient for regulating cholesterol levels and carbohydrate metabolism, improving amino acid
uptake, and increasing protein synthesis. In the hexavalent form, chromium presents high toxicity and
can be categorized as a carcinogenic and mutagenic agent. Despite this, Cr⁶⁺ has a high economic value,
associated with its broad applicability in major industrial sectors such as metallurgy, coatings, paints, and
glass. These industries generate potentially toxic waste subjected to numerous treatment methods with
specific characteristics for effluent classification. Analytical methods for determining chromium ions have
been developed to meet these demands, and advantages and limitations are presented for monitoring this
anthropogenic pollutant in environmental matrices. This article will present general information about
chromium, such as its occurrence and properties, ecotoxicity and toxicity, industrial applications, and
methodologies for chromium analysis.