Microplásticos em Ambientes Aquáticos: Ocorrência, Riscos Ambientais, Técnicas Analíticas, Soluções e Perspectivas Futuras

Resumo

The occurrence of microplastics (MPs) in various environmental compartments is a global concern.
Although the vast majority of studies already published have been conducted in aquatic ecosystems, there
is still much to be investigated, especially in freshwater environments. MPs arrive in aquatic environments
by several routes, and due to their physicochemical properties and small size, they interact with the biota
and other pollutants present there. Sampling, identification, and quantification methodologies are not yet
standardized, which makes it difficult to compare studies and understand the current scenario of MPs
contamination in Brazil and worldwide. This article aims to offer an overview of the occurrence of MPs
in aquatic environments, along with their sources, dynamics, potential risks to biota. It also intends to
present the primary analytical methodologies for processing environmental samples, chemically identifying
polymers, and analyzing organic pollutants sorbed to these particles. Additionally, the article presents
potential strategies for combating MPs pollution, outlines the general framework of existing international
policies, highlights major research gaps, and discusses future prospects for this area of study.